OctaFX
13 tahun yang lalu
Kamis, 12 Juni 2008
Top Ten Credit Cards in UK
Here are top ten credit cards in UK taht very familiar and used by many UK people:
1. EGG CARD (www.new.egg.com)
2. Virgin Credit Card (www.uk.virginmoney.com/)
3.Vanquis Card (www.vanquis.co.uk)
4. Barclaycard Platinum (www.barclaycard.co.uk)
5. MBNA Reward American Express (http://www.find.co.uk/creditcards/standard_credit_cards/mbna_platinum_plus)
6. MBNA Platinum Plus Credit Card
7. Arsenal FC Card (http://www.find.co.uk/creditcards/affinity_credit_cards/arsenal_fc_credit_card)
8. Nectar Credit Card (www.americanexpress.com)
9. RBS Credit Card (www.rbs.com)
10. HSBC Credit Card (www.hsbc.co.uk)
Jumat, 06 Juni 2008
European Union
I INTRODUCTION
Map of the European Union
The European Union (EU) was formed in 1993 by the 12 nations of the European Community. By 2004, the EU had grown in size to 25 countries. The EU allows European citizens greater freedom to work, live, study, and travel in member states.
© Microsoft Corporation. All Rights Reserved.
European Union (EU), organization of European countries dedicated to increasing economic integration and strengthening cooperation among its members. The European Union headquarters is located in Brussels, Belgium. As of early 2006 there were 25 countries in the EU.
Map of the European Union
The European Union (EU) was formed in 1993 by the 12 nations of the European Community. By 2004, the EU had grown in size to 25 countries. The EU allows European citizens greater freedom to work, live, study, and travel in member states.
© Microsoft Corporation. All Rights Reserved.
European Union (EU), organization of European countries dedicated to increasing economic integration and strengthening cooperation among its members. The European Union headquarters is located in Brussels, Belgium. As of early 2006 there were 25 countries in the EU.
European Monetary System (EMS)
European Monetary System (EMS), system designed to increase financial cooperation and monetary stability within the European Union (EU). The EMS was created in 1979 in response to the fluctuation of European exchange rates that occurred in the wake of dramatic increases in oil prices in 1974. The primary purposes of the EMS were to stabilize exchange rates in the EU and to aid the long-term process of European monetary integration.
The central component of the EMS was the Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM), a voluntary system of fixed exchange rates. This system was based on the European Currency Unit (ECU, which became the euro in 1999), the unit of account of that the EU adopted at the creation of the EMS. Under the ERM, the currencies of participating countries were allowed to fluctuate in relation to one another and to the ECU, but only by small amounts. This amount was set at 2.25 percent for all countries except Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom, which had 6 percent margins of fluctuation.
The ERM was an important part of the plan to achieve Economic and Monetary Union (EMU). Under EMU, the economies of the EU states would be united and the EU would have a single currency administered by an EU central bank. EMU was the ultimate aim of the EMS and was a central part of the 1992 Maastricht Treaty that founded the EU.
The ERM was not without problems. First of all, not all EU members belonged to the ERM, and this limited its effectiveness. Greece never joined, and the United Kingdom did not join until 1990. In addition, by the early 1990s the system had become too rigid, and currencies were unable to fluctuate in relation to each other even in times of crisis. This came to a head in 1992 when currency traders began to have doubts about the value of some EU members’ currencies, leading to speculative attacks. The large-scale buying and selling of these currencies weakened the ERM severely, and the difficulty in maintaining the fixed exchange rates led the United Kingdom and Italy to withdraw from the ERM.
To prevent more countries from being forced out, in 1993 the ERM margin of fluctuation was widened for all currencies except the Dutch guilder and the German currency, the deutsche mark. This action left only The Netherlands and Germany within the 2.25 percent band. Since being within this band was one of the original conditions for participation in economic and monetary union and for adopting the single currency, many EU states were concerned that widening the fluctuation margins would seriously jeopardize the EMU. By April 1994 Belgium, Denmark, France, Ireland, and Luxembourg were back within the 2.25 percent band, but Spain and Portugal remained under pressure; in March 1995 they were forced to depreciate their currencies against the ECU. At the same time, the United Kingdom and Denmark, concerned about the potential problems of EMU, negotiated the right to opt out of monetary union.
On January 1, 1999, EMU went into effect. The euro replaced the ECU as a common currency on a one-to-one basis, but for only 11 states: Greece had failed to qualify, while the United Kingdom, Denmark, and Sweden declined to join. (Greece later met the economic criteria and adopted the euro on January 1, 2001.) The EMS was effectively transformed into economic and monetary union, with a single currency controlled by a European central bank. However, the ERM was revised as a mechanism for regulating relations between the euro and the currencies of those EU countries not participating in EMU.
Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2007. © 1993-2006 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
The central component of the EMS was the Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM), a voluntary system of fixed exchange rates. This system was based on the European Currency Unit (ECU, which became the euro in 1999), the unit of account of that the EU adopted at the creation of the EMS. Under the ERM, the currencies of participating countries were allowed to fluctuate in relation to one another and to the ECU, but only by small amounts. This amount was set at 2.25 percent for all countries except Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom, which had 6 percent margins of fluctuation.
The ERM was an important part of the plan to achieve Economic and Monetary Union (EMU). Under EMU, the economies of the EU states would be united and the EU would have a single currency administered by an EU central bank. EMU was the ultimate aim of the EMS and was a central part of the 1992 Maastricht Treaty that founded the EU.
The ERM was not without problems. First of all, not all EU members belonged to the ERM, and this limited its effectiveness. Greece never joined, and the United Kingdom did not join until 1990. In addition, by the early 1990s the system had become too rigid, and currencies were unable to fluctuate in relation to each other even in times of crisis. This came to a head in 1992 when currency traders began to have doubts about the value of some EU members’ currencies, leading to speculative attacks. The large-scale buying and selling of these currencies weakened the ERM severely, and the difficulty in maintaining the fixed exchange rates led the United Kingdom and Italy to withdraw from the ERM.
To prevent more countries from being forced out, in 1993 the ERM margin of fluctuation was widened for all currencies except the Dutch guilder and the German currency, the deutsche mark. This action left only The Netherlands and Germany within the 2.25 percent band. Since being within this band was one of the original conditions for participation in economic and monetary union and for adopting the single currency, many EU states were concerned that widening the fluctuation margins would seriously jeopardize the EMU. By April 1994 Belgium, Denmark, France, Ireland, and Luxembourg were back within the 2.25 percent band, but Spain and Portugal remained under pressure; in March 1995 they were forced to depreciate their currencies against the ECU. At the same time, the United Kingdom and Denmark, concerned about the potential problems of EMU, negotiated the right to opt out of monetary union.
On January 1, 1999, EMU went into effect. The euro replaced the ECU as a common currency on a one-to-one basis, but for only 11 states: Greece had failed to qualify, while the United Kingdom, Denmark, and Sweden declined to join. (Greece later met the economic criteria and adopted the euro on January 1, 2001.) The EMS was effectively transformed into economic and monetary union, with a single currency controlled by a European central bank. However, the ERM was revised as a mechanism for regulating relations between the euro and the currencies of those EU countries not participating in EMU.
Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2007. © 1993-2006 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
EURO
Euro, monetary unit of the European Union (EU). On January 1, 2002, euro-denominated coins and bills went into circulation in 12 of the 15 EU member states—Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, Portugal, and Spain. The euro replaced the currencies of these nations. Four small non-EU countries also have adopted the euro as their national currency—Vatican City, Andorra, Monaco, and San Marino.
The adoption of the euro was the final step in the EU’s plan for Economic and Monetary Union (EMU). EMU was designed to establish a single currency and a single monetary authority for EU member states, and was an integral part of the 1991 Maastricht Treaty that founded the EU. In order to make the euro a stable currency, the EU set stringent economic criteria that member countries had to meet before they could adopt the euro. These criteria dealt with things such as levels of inflation, amount of budget deficit and government debt, and stability of the existing national currency.
On January 1, 1999, the euro went into use for accounting purposes and electronic fund transfers in 11 participating EU member states. Greece, the 12th participating member, did not officially adopt the euro until January 1, 2001. Between 1999 and 2002, the euro coexisted with the currencies of the participating states. Starting in 2002 euro notes and coins became legal tender and entered circulation in the 12 states. The member states’ old currencies were to remain legal tender until the end of February 2002, when all monetary transactions were to be conducted in euros. In 2004 one U.S. dollar was worth an average of 0.81 euros.
The bank of issue for the euro is the European Central Bank (ECB), which was established in June 1998 and began operation on January 1, 1999. The ECB, located in Frankfurt, Germany, has total control over all EU monetary policies, including setting interest rates and regulating the money supply.
The euro is divided into 100 cents. Euro notes are issued in denominations of 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, and 500 euros. Coins are issued in denominations of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, and 50 cents, and 1 and 2 euros. Although bills are identical in all countries, each country issues its own coins, which have a common design on one side and a national design or emblem from the country of issue on the other.
Taken from Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2007. © 1993-2006 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
The adoption of the euro was the final step in the EU’s plan for Economic and Monetary Union (EMU). EMU was designed to establish a single currency and a single monetary authority for EU member states, and was an integral part of the 1991 Maastricht Treaty that founded the EU. In order to make the euro a stable currency, the EU set stringent economic criteria that member countries had to meet before they could adopt the euro. These criteria dealt with things such as levels of inflation, amount of budget deficit and government debt, and stability of the existing national currency.
On January 1, 1999, the euro went into use for accounting purposes and electronic fund transfers in 11 participating EU member states. Greece, the 12th participating member, did not officially adopt the euro until January 1, 2001. Between 1999 and 2002, the euro coexisted with the currencies of the participating states. Starting in 2002 euro notes and coins became legal tender and entered circulation in the 12 states. The member states’ old currencies were to remain legal tender until the end of February 2002, when all monetary transactions were to be conducted in euros. In 2004 one U.S. dollar was worth an average of 0.81 euros.
The bank of issue for the euro is the European Central Bank (ECB), which was established in June 1998 and began operation on January 1, 1999. The ECB, located in Frankfurt, Germany, has total control over all EU monetary policies, including setting interest rates and regulating the money supply.
The euro is divided into 100 cents. Euro notes are issued in denominations of 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, and 500 euros. Coins are issued in denominations of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, and 50 cents, and 1 and 2 euros. Although bills are identical in all countries, each country issues its own coins, which have a common design on one side and a national design or emblem from the country of issue on the other.
Taken from Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2007. © 1993-2006 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
Selasa, 06 Mei 2008
Ebay in Indonesia
Rabu, 30-01-2008 14:36:26 oleh: Mira Tj
Kanal: Suara Konsumen
Yesterday an e-mail drifted to mailbox from Paypal.
Judulnya:"Launching Local Bank Withdraw.
His contents explained that the owner of the Paypal account could have from Indonesia pulled money from his Paypal account and direct free was transferred to the account bank in Indonesia.
HORE!!!
Uptil now Paypal only provided fitur pulled money but was transferred to credit card for the owner of the account from Indonesia.
But by Paypal this dikenai fee IDR 50 thousand.
Now if being attracted by us money from the ATM used credit card, be hit by again fee IDR 50 thousand.
So this of HORE!!!
Today I wonder, why Paypal now gave fitur this to the owner of the account from Indonesia, the country that notabene in the year 90 was the country in an online manner-fraud highest in the world.
Then was tried by me gooling qword: ebay Indonesia.
There it Is: http://id.ebay.com/
This site was different from the site www.ebayindonesia.com that approximately last year still could be accessed.
A moment ago was tried by me visited, evidently already for smoked his site.
His front face language still in English, but if you clicked one of the merchandise things there, his contents must be in Indonesian.
Afterwards was wrong to see the HELP part, still me-refer to help Page ebay.com.
Fee that was put into effect also still in US$ (had a headache... had a headache... had a headache).
That was clear, was happy also Indonesia had finally been acknowledged by WWW.
wORLD bANK
The World Bank is a vital source of financial and technical assistance to developing countries around the world. We are not a bank in the common sense. We are made up of two unique development institutions owned by 185 member countries—the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and the International Development Association (IDA).
Each institution plays a different but supportive role in our mission of global poverty reduction and the improvement of living standards. The IBRD focuses on middle income and creditworthy poor countries, while IDA focuses on the poorest countries in the world. Together we provide low-interest loans, interest-free credit and grants to developing countries for education, health, infrastructure, communications and many other purposes.
A banker or bank is a financial institution that acts as a payment agent for customers, and borrows and lends money. In some countries such as Germany and Japan banks are the primary owners of industrial corporations while in other countries such as the United States banks are prohibited from owning non-financial companies.
The first modern bank was founded in Italy in Genoa in 1406, its name was Banco di San Giorgio (Bank of St. George).
Banks act as payment agents by conducting checking or current accounts for customers, paying cheques drawn by customers on the bank, and collecting cheques deposited to customers' current accounts. Banks also enable customer payments via other payment methods such as telegraphic transfer, EFTPOS, and ATM.
Banks borrow money by accepting funds deposited on current account, accepting term deposits and by issuing debt securities such as banknotes and bonds. Banks lend money by making advances to customers on current account, by making instalment loans, and by investing in marketable debt securities and other forms of lending.
Banks provide almost all payment services, and a bank account is considered indispensable by most businesses, individuals and governments. Non-banks that provide payment services such as remittance companies are not normally considered an adequate substitute for having a bank account.
Banks borrow most funds borrowed from households and non-financial businesses, and lend most funds lent to households and non-financial businesses, but non-bank lenders provide a significant and in many cases adequate substitute for bank loans, and money market funds, cash management trusts and other non-bank financial institutions in many cases provide an adequate substitute to banks for lending savings to.
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